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| Post = Marquis Gang | Other = }} Zhang Liao (169〔–222〔), courtesy name Wenyuan, was a military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He served briefly in the state of Cao Wei, founded by Cao Cao's successor Cao Pi, in the early Three Kingdoms period before his death. Formerly a subordinate of other warlords such as Ding Yuan, Dong Zhuo and Lü Bu, Zhang Liao joined Cao Cao in around 198 after Lü Bu's downfall at the Battle of Xiapi. Since then, he participated in many of Cao Cao's military campaigns, including those against Yuan Shao's heirs and the Wuhuan tribes from 201–207. He is best known for his pivotal role in the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford in 214–215, in which he successfully defended Hefei from the forces of the warlord Sun Quan. Chen Shou, who wrote Zhang Liao's biography in the historical text ''Records of the Three Kingdoms'' (''Sanguozhi''), named Zhang one of the Five Elite Generals of his time, alongside Yue Jin, Yu Jin, Zhang He and Xu Huang.〔(評曰：太祖建茲武功，而時之良將，五子為先。于禁最號毅重，然弗克其終。張郃以巧變為稱，樂進以驍果顯名，而鑒其行事，未副所聞。或注記有遺漏，未如張遼、徐晃之備詳也。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 17.〕 ==Early career and service under Lü Bu== Zhang Liao was from Mayi county (馬邑縣), Yanmen commandery (鴈門), which is located in present-day Shuocheng District, Shuozhou, Shanxi. He was a descendant of Nie Yi (聶壹), but his family name had been changed from "Nie" to "Zhang" to avoid association with his disgraced ancestor.〔Nie Yi (聶壹) was a trader from Mayi county. He had a significant role in the Battle of Mayi, which took place in 133 BCE during the reign of Emperor Wu in the Western Han dynasty. Nie Yi successfully infiltrated the Xiongnu and attempted to lure them into an ambush set up by Han forces led by a minister Wang Hui (王恢). However, his plan failed because the Xiongnu felt suspicious and withdrew after learning of the ambush from a captive. Wang Hui also pulled back his forces after seeing that the enemy had retreated. He was incarcerated for his failure and he committed suicide in prison later. Nie Yi was disgraced for his role in the incident because he not only indirectly caused Wang Hui's death, but also damaged Han–Xiongnu relations, which were still maintained by the Han's ''heqin'' policy at the time. The shame was passed on to Nie Yi's descendants, even until some 300 years later in the Eastern Han dynasty. They changed their family name to avoid being associated with him.〕 When he was young, he served as a minor officer in Yanmen commandery.〔(張遼字文遠，鴈門馬邑人也。本聶壹之後，以避怨變姓。少為郡吏。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 17.〕 Towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Ding Yuan, the Inspector (刺史) of Bing Province, heard of Zhang Liao's combat skills and hired him to be a ''congshi'' (從事; an assistant officer). Ding Yuan ordered Zhang Liao to lead troops from Bing Province to the capital Luoyang to assist the General-in-Chief (大將軍) He Jin. He Jin sent him to Hebei to recruit soldiers. Zhang Liao drafted over 1,000 men. When he returned to Luoyang, He Jin had already been assassinated and the warlord Dong Zhuo had taken control of He Jin's troops and the central government, so Zhang Liao became one of Dong's subordinates. In 192, after Dong Zhuo was killed by the general Lü Bu, Zhang Liao became one of Lü Bu's deputies and was promoted to "Cavalry Commandant" (騎都尉).〔(漢末，并州刺史丁原以遼武力過人，召為從事，使將兵詣京都。何進遣詣河北募兵，得千餘人。還，進敗，以兵屬董卓。卓敗，以兵屬呂布，遷騎都尉。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 17.〕 About a month after he killed Dong Zhuo,〔''Zizhi Tongjian'' vol. 60.〕 Lü Bu came under attack by Dong's former followers, who were led by Li Jue and Guo Si. He was defeated by them and driven out of the capital Chang'an.〔Dong Zhuo relocated the Han capital from Luoyang to Chang'an in 190. See ''Zizhi Tongjian'' vol. 59.〕 Zhang Liao accompanied Lü Bu as they headed east and wandered around central and northern China until mid 195, when the warlord Liu Bei offered Lü Bu shelter in Xu Province.〔''Zizhi Tongjian'' vol. 61.〕 In 196, Lü Bu betrayed his host and seized control of Xu Province, after which he appointed Zhang Liao as the Chancellor (相) of the Lu state (魯國). Zhang Liao was 27 years old then.〔(布為李傕所敗，從布東奔徐州，領魯相，時年二十八。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 17.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Zhang Liao」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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